miR-15b and miR-16 can increase the IGFBP-3 levels by reducing the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 signaling pathways, which increase RCVEC apoptosis by modulating IRS-1 and protect against apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia in retinal ECs [67, 68]. Here, TNF is linked to Hyperglycemia.