INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Patients with type 1 diabetes typically require lifelong insulin replacement therapy [1,2], while those with type 2 diabetes who cannot achieve adequate glycemic control with lifestyle modification and non-insulin therapies (e.g., metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitors) require insulin supplementation as their disease progresses [3].