TNF and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, THz exposure in the AD-THz mice significantly reduced the levels of these proinflammatory molecules in both the cortex (47%, reduction of IL-6, P <0.001; 58% reduction of TNF-α, P <0.01) and hippocampus (60% reduction of IL-6, and 44% reduction of TNF-α in the hippocampus, both P <0.0001) as compared to the AD control mice (Fig. 6E, F), suggesting an ameliorating effect of THz waves treatment on the neuroinflammation in AD mouse brain.