TNF and Alzheimer disease: Consistent with IBA1 and GFAP staining, our results demonstrated that the significantly higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (increased by 1662% and 1965%, respectively, both P <0.0001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (increased by 843% and 686%, respectively, both P <0.001) in the cortex and hippocampus in the AD control mice compared to those of WT control mice (Fig. 6E, F).