VSIR and acute myeloid leukemia: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), it has been demonstrated that the Galectin-9/VISTA pathway led to pro-apoptotic effects on T-cells via activating granzyme B, and interestingly interaction between Galectin-9 and VISTA did not interfere with binding of TIM-3 to Galectin-9 (11).