When comparing the nephrocyte phenotypes among the different risk alleles, the data predominantly demonstrated that APOL1-G2- and APOL1-G1G2-expressing nephrocytes displayed more severe structural and functional changes, relative to nephrocyte-specific transgenic flies expressing the APOL1-G1 allele obtained from a child diagnosed with HIVAN and the minimized effects observed in APOL1-G0 nephrocytes. Here, APOL1 is linked to HIV-associated nephropathy.