APOL1 and HIV-associated nephropathy: Given that both unnatural and different haplotype backgrounds can alter APOL1 cytotoxicity (Lannon et al., 2019), our transgenic flies are based on APOL1-G1 cDNA derived from cultured podocytes that had been obtained from a child diagnosed with HIVAN (Xie et al., 2014) as described before (Fu et al., 2017a).