Therefore, to determine whether the APOL1-G1 and -G2 alleles play similar or different roles precipitating APOL1 kidney diseases, we expanded the scope of our previous fly study (Fu et al., 2017a) by generating flies that selectively express the APOL1 nephropathy risk alleles G2 or G1G2 (the latter comprising both mutations in one allele), and comparing the results with those generated in control (hereafter referred to as Dot-Gal4), APOL1-G0 and APOL1-G1 transgenic flies. Here, APOL1 is linked to Nephropathy.