Additional upregulated genes in Th1 cells included MAF, which drives IL10 expression in Th1 cells in murine malaria models105, PRDM1 (encoding BLIMP1), which promotes IL10 in Tr1 cells in murine malaria models106 and is highly expressed in malaria-specific Tr1 cells in Ugandan children16, and STING1 (encoding STING – stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1), which we have recently shown to be a central driver of Tr1 cell development107. Here, IL10 is linked to malaria.