Such CD8+ T cells with tumor irrelevant specificities can induce antitumor immunity via at least two mechanisms: (I) they may respond to ICB-induced inflammation and elicit off-target antitumor activity via cytokines or cytolytic factors109 or (II) by possessing TCRs that cross-react with both viral/microbial antigens and tumor-relevant antigens110,111, thereby allowing initiation of collateral antigen-specific immunity. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.