In a BPD model triggered by hyperoxia, an escalation in TGF-β expression was observed in the lungs, leading to structural changes; this included the multiplication of α-actin-positive myofibroblasts within the alveolar septal wall and the emergence of abnormal alveolar and vascular structures (Luan et al., 2015). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is bronchopulmonary dysplasia.