Notably this included pro-tumour and negative immune regulatory genes such as KIR inhibiting subgroup 2, CXCL12, CXCR4, and CD163. nCT treated patients had more highly expressed genes pre-treatment, including immune-checkpoints CD274, and IDO1. The same pattern of regulation was seen for pathway signatures analysis, with nCT mostly down-regulating and nCRT mostly upregulating pathways (Figure 6C). Here, IDO1 is linked to neoplasm.