To investigate the spatial contexture of the TME, we used a mIF panel in 95 tumours to focus on CD8+ T cells, FoxP3+ Treg cells, and CD163+ M2-macrophages, and single-stain IHC of PD-L1, which have been shown to influence therapy response and outcomes in OAC patient subgroups (17–19). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.