CD274 and neoplasm: In a prior investigation, it was found that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which represent the activated form of fibroblasts and are the predominant and diverse stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), play a critical role in the development, progression, chemoresistance, ECM remodeling, and response to anti-PD1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in multiple cancer types (51–53).