ACE and heart failure: The model has acute mortality prediction ability in all subgroups, including older patients (>60 years old), hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic obstructive lung disease, and those taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and statins as revealed by the subgroup analyses (Figure 3).