Additionally, under the treatment of TGF-β1, cytoplasmic lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) expression is significantly increased in the human proximal tubule cell line (HK-2) and exerts its biological effects by serving as a sponge for the miR-96-5p and enhancing the formation of fibronectin to exacerbate renal fibrosis (106). Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.