A prospective randomized controlled study conducted by Liang et al. included 42 patients who underwent radical colorectal cancer surgery and received either soybean oil supplementation (SO group) or a combination of ω-3 PUFA and soybean oil (FO group) as total parenteral nutrition post-surgery and found that IL-6 and TNF-α levels were lower in patients in the FO group than those in the SO group during the early postoperative period (38). Here, TNF is linked to colorectal cancer.