LPIN1 and atherosclerosis: Further research in mice showed that PAP activity of lipin 1 was atherogenic as it enhanced the DAG-dependent PKC-PKCα/βII-ERK1/2-c-Jun-signaling cascade upon stimulation with oxidized LDL or acetylated LDL, thus contributing to a proinflammatory phenotype in macrophages; while inhibiting lipin 1 led to inhibited atherosclerosis [83].