CALCA and atherosclerosis: A number of experimental studies have evaluated the role of oxysterols and plaque formation and atherosclerosis (reviewed in [28–30]); they observed cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of oxysterols through a number of mechanisms including cell apoptosis (25-HC, 7-KC, 7b-HC), induction and promotion of inflammatory processes (7-KC, 7a-HC, 27-HC, 25-HC), upregulation of p53 (7-KC, 7b-HC), and more [28].