We hypothesized that the value of the product of the tumor proportion score (TPS), which represents the expression of PD-L1, and the preoperative NLR (subsequently “PD-L1 × NLR”) may be a new factor that better reflects the immune microenvironment of lung cancer, while more accurately predicting postoperative recurrence than either of these values alone. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is lung cancer.