TNF and Parkinson disease: Resorting to the PD mice model obtained while using the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the authors found that peripheral administration of the inhibitor for soluble TNF-α significantly reduced neuronal dopaminergic loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta but also reduced microglia and astrocyte activation (Barnum et al. 2014).