PDPN and cancer: Among the seven CAF-related genes (FAP, ACTA2, COL11A1, ITGA11, CSPG4, TNC, and PDPN) shown in Supplementary Fig. 1d, the cancer transcriptomic atlas (CTA) assay includes probes for FAP, ACTA2, COL11A1, TNC, and PDPN. The mRNA levels of FAP, ACTA2, COL11A1, TNC, and PDPN at tumor center and tumor invasive margin in PanCK(-) AOIs were significantly higher than in PanCK(+) AOIs (Fig. 3f, Supplementary Fig. 9a–d), suggesting that the transcriptomic profiles obtained from PanCK(-) AOIs were representative of CAF populations.