The 2 processes are strictly related with ROS activating TGFβ, a potent fibrotic factor, responsible to stimulate macrophages to become myofibroblasts that overproduce collagen.15 Importantly, macrophages are the main inflammatory cell type in BPD that release ROS and ROS released by them nourish oxidative processes.16 Beside lungs, also brain is affected in BPD. Here, TGFB1 is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.