HF patients have increased inflammation, due to a marked activation of immune cells and cytokines, with higher levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), than healthy controls [40]. Here, TNF is linked to hydrops fetalis.