Currently, the main focus on the protective effects of inhaled anesthetics has involved models of cerebral ischemia, where pretreatment with sevoflurane and isoflurane inhibit microglial activation via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and induce polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype via activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB (Table 2). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is brain ischemia.