For the construction of the risk signature model, the LASSO analysis was applied for ECD-associated genes and 11 hub genes, namely ATG5, ATG7, BECN1, CDC42, CDH1, CTNNA1, CYBB, MYH14, RHOA, RNF146, and UVRAG (Fig. 2A and B). This evidence concerns the gene CDH1 and familial atrioventricular septal defect.