Figure 3 indicates that the CKD group has a higher expression of GPR43 and OLFR78 than the C group. Increased expression of GPR43 and OLFR78 was suppressed by low- or-high-dose AC treatment. In addition, AC treatment, either low- or high-dose, significantly reduced GPR41 and GPR109A expression compared to other groups (Figure 3). Here, HCAR2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.