Maternal diabetes, either pregestational type 2 diabetes or GDM, impair placental mitochondrial biogenesis (formation of new mitochondria), with decreased mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) [30] and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) expression levels [28,29]. Here, PPARGC1A is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.