Due to the above, Kim D.H. et al. proposed the detection of alpha-fetoprotein in plasma, which is often associated with the presence of HCC in adults, by developing a graphene-based sensor functionalized with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PBASE) for the immobilization of an anti-AFP antibody that targets AFP. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.