Monaghan et al. showed that splenocytes cultured with bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) from mice with ARDS and containing PD1 and its ligand have lower production of TNF-α than those cultured with BAL lacking sPD-1, suggesting that binding of sPD-1 to PD-1 may have an anti-inflammatory effect [41]. Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.