Factors such as oxidative stress, cytokines, viral or bacterial infections, high blood sugar or high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels can activate the vascular endothelium, induce monocyte recruitment, promote the secretion of the chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CCL7 and upregulate adhesion molecules such as intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which can promote the rolling of circulating blood mononuclear cells, adhesion to ECs and migration into the tissue [35,36]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.