These genes were utilized for the pathway analysis, and eight cancer-intrinsic signaling pathways (TP53, Hippo signaling pathway, WNT signaling pathway, GPCR signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, ERBB2 and ERBB4 signaling pathways, MAPK6/MAPK4 signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules) and six cancer-extrinsic signaling pathways (CD28 co-stimulation, IL2 signaling, cell recruitment, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, interferon signaling, and IL12 signaling) were identified (Figure 2A and Figure 3A). Here, CD28 is linked to cancer.