Examples of EV cargoes that are highly expressed in CCA, in comparison with PSC alone, HCC patients, or healthy individuals, include fibrinogen gamma chain (FIBG), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (A1AG1), pantetheinase (VNN1), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1 (GGT1), and CRP, as well as immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (IGHA1) proteins. This evidence concerns the gene VNN1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.