TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In one of them, specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−863 C/A, −857 C/T, −308 G/A, and −238 G/A) on TNF-α gene promoter were associated with an increased risk of HCC, possibly through the upregulation of TNF-α expression, thus highlighting that TNF-α might be an important risk factor of HCC [48].