TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Summarizing the above facts, TNF-α appears to be associated with increased hepatocellular death that increases the likelihood of oncogenic mutations, as well as the activation of mitogenic pathways (i.e., the JNK signaling), in the presence of lipotoxicity, all of which possibly link TNF-α to HCC in the context of long-term and unresolved NAFLD, which is associated with a low-grade, but chronic intrahepatic inflammation [26].