TLR2 and colitis: Conversely, probiotic treatment increased anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in a TLR-2-dependent manner, while Clostridium butyricum induced IL-10 production from intestinal macrophages in acute experimental colitis through TLR-2; this suggests that TLR-2 has a dual function: TLR-2 ligands from probiotic bacteria are anti-inflammatory, whereas TLR-2 ligands from the bacteria that are present during obesity induce inflammation [170].