VEGFA and neoplasm: Surgical tumour excision helps cancer survive by altering the biological characteristics of neoplastic cells, such as proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and dormancy condition [70], and blood levels of tumour growth promoters (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF) are higher after surgery, whereas antiangiogenic mediators such as endostatin and angiostatin are undetectable [71].