Clinical validation for targeting the TLR/IL-1R pathway in autoimmune diseases has come from the activity of antibodies targeting different IL-1 family cytokines in diseases, such as cryopyrin-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (IL-1) (ref. 16), rheumatoid arthritis (RA; IL-1) (ref. 17), generalized pustular psoriasis (IL-36) (ref. 18), macrophage activation syndrome (IL-18) (ref. 19), HS (IL-1) (ref. 20) and asthma (IL-33) (ref. 21). Here, IL33 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.