The analysis of single-nucleus transcriptomes from left ventricular tissue specimens of 21 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 14 healthy donors27,28 identified 278 imageable genes characteristic for dilated cardiomyopathy including the tetrameric protein haptoglobin, which is up-regulated by cardiac macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (Fig. 4e–g, Supplementary Fig. 5c and Supplementary Data 20). This evidence concerns the gene HP and dilated cardiomyopathy.