Studies in humans have demonstrated it to be a more potent vasodilator than [Pyr1]apelin-13 with no evidence of desensitization, and it improved haemodynamics and vascular remodelling in a pre-clinical model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.71,127 The small molecule compound CMF-019 also offers biased agonism at the apelin receptor, which is preserved in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene APLN and pulmonary arterial hypertension.