VCAM1 and cancer: Furthermore, similar to our own data, others have also shown the ability of 3D spheroid culture to enhance expression of adhesion integrins on various cell types, including a 3-fold increased expression of the ICAM-1 ligand lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on cancer cells and the VCAM-1 ligand very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) on HSPCs (31, 42, 43).