OLR1 and rheumatoid arthritis: According to current research, the mechanisms through which ACCP and/or RF increase the CVD risk in RA may include: 1 Increased dysfunctional HDL in ACCP-positive patients compared to serum-negative patients (178); 2 Association of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde modified low-density lipoprotein (MAA-LDL), a form of oxidized LDL, with ACCP in RA patients (179); 3 Higher levels of LOX-1 and soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) in RF and ACCP double-seropositive RA patients, which promote macrophage uptake of ox-LDL and macrophage formation, and are correlated with antibody titers (180).