TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In particular, under inflammatory conditions of RA, interferon-α (IFN-α), IL-6, and TNF-α can enhance SR-A, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) or CD36 expression on the surface of macrophages by increasing its promoter activity in peripheral blood monocytes, thereby increasing ox-LDL uptake and enhancing foam cell formation (35, 146).