Intratumoral microorganisms have been found to enhance anti-tumor immunity through activation of the STING signaling pathway, stimulation of T cells and NK cells, formation of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), as well as microbial-derived antigen presentation mechanisms; Conversely, they can also dampen anti-tumor immune responses by upregulating ROS levels, promoting an anti-inflammatory environment, impairing T cell function, and inducing immunosuppression (Yang et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene STING1 and neoplasm.