Both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) express mainly GM2 and GM1, whereas only SCLCs express b-series gangliosides GD2, GD1b, and GT1b as well as the expected upregulation of the GD3 synthase gene required for biosynthesis (87, 102), and express fucosylated GM1 (Fuc-GM1) (56). This evidence concerns the gene PPIB and small cell lung carcinoma.