CSF1 and neoplasm: Neutrophils from Cdh11-deficient tumors had reduced expression of macrophage differentiation factor Csf1 as well as several cytokines including Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl6, Il1b and Osm. Cdh11 deficiency in TME also contributed to downregulation of several cathepsins in monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils and DCs, many of which have already been shown to play a role in tumor progression and immune modulation (60).