TGFB1 and cancer: The pathways within the “pathways in cancer” framework that appear to have the most significant changes in expression between metastases vs. primary tumors include: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, p53 signaling, extracellular membrane receptor and focal adhesion interactions, Wnt signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, MAPK signaling, calcium signaling, TGF-b signaling, HIF-1 signaling, Notch and Hedgehog signaling, estrogen and androgen signaling, cell cycle, and block of differentiation (Figure 5).