SUB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Studies have indicated that in lung adenocarcinoma, PC4 functions as an upstream inducer of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF-R3, which are necessary for promoting angiogenesis.437 Moreover, the downregulation of PC4 led to anti-tumorigenic effects on NSCLC cells involving induction of cancer cell death and differentiation.