MCP-1/chemokine C–C motif ligand 2 belongs to a sub-family of 27 CC chemokines with an N-terminal CC domain.168 It is a chemoattractant chemokine of 11–13 kDa that is involved in activating microglia and promoting the migration of peripheral immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages to inflammation sites.169,170 In the SOD1 mouse model of ALS, increased levels of MCP-1 are found in the spinal cord.171 Measurement of MCP-1 in CSF by ELISA has indicated that it is increased in ALS compared with disease mimics and healthy controls.59 However, levels are inconclusive in blood.16,60,61. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.