LRRK2 and Parkinsonism: For example, an increase in urinary exosome-associated phosphorylated Ser-1292 leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2; 286 kDa) may be a biomarker for familial Parkinson’s disease, and an increase in urinary pS1292-LRRK2 may be associated with a higher risk of converting to Parkinson’s.133 Disease-specific proteins of ALS (as mentioned below) would not be expected to be in uEVs unless associated with familial ALS and expressed in epithelial cells.