For example, an increase in urinary exosome-associated phosphorylated Ser-1292 leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2; 286 kDa) may be a biomarker for familial Parkinson’s disease, and an increase in urinary pS1292-LRRK2 may be associated with a higher risk of converting to Parkinson’s.133 Disease-specific proteins of ALS (as mentioned below) would not be expected to be in uEVs unless associated with familial ALS and expressed in epithelial cells. This evidence concerns the gene LRRK2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.