CCL2 and diabetic kidney disease: Urinary MCP-1 is dysregulated in several kidney diseases and in diabetes.172 It has been suggested as a diagnostic biomarker for lupus nephritis173 and also for early kidney dysfunction and diabetic kidney disease.174 Urinary MCP-1 has also been suggested as a major indicator of pain175 and is increased in Alzheimer’s disease, but levels were also influenced by age and gender.176 Yet, there are no studies investigating MCP-1 in urine in ALS.