BECN1 and memory impairment: Li et al. (2020) reported that Propofol improves cognitive dysfunction because of its concentration-dependently inhibition of TNF-α-induced autophagy of hippocampal neurons via NMDA receptor. This mechanism may be related to calcium and calcium-dependent signaling pathways, specially CAMK II and calpain-2. Dai et al. (2021) demonstrated that propofol improves learning and memory impairment in sleep deprivation (SD) rats via inhibition of excessive autophagy and mitophagy in hippocampal neurons by down-regulating of Beclin1, PINK1, parkin, p62, and LC3.