LCN2 and Nephropathy: These include urinary clusterin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin, and cystatin C. In addition, interleukin-18 (IL-18), liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP), TIMP-2, and IGFBP7 in urine are considered markers of kidney damage [26, 42].