INS and hypothyroidism: Aside from a higher incidence of preterm birth before 37 weeks in insulin-treated GDM twins (OR = 2.096, 95% CI = 1.017–4.321, P = 0.045), there were no significant difference in other maternal outcomes (preterm birth before 34 weeks, pre-eclampsia, hypothyroidism, PROM, placental abruption, placenta previa, severe postpartum hemorrhage, and oligohydramnios) between the GDM group and non-GDM group, and between insulin-treated GDM and non-insulin-treated GDM.