TNF and Encephalopathy: JEV induces encephalopathy by activating microglial cells and astrocytes that can increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10), and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) [130, 131].