By comparing the co-administration of DTIC/Lipo-SM/Chol and Epacasome-2 or monotherapy alone, we elucidated that DTIC/Epacasome-2 induced noticeably higher tumour-infiltrating levels of IL-2, especially in combination with α-PD-1 (Fig. 6g). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.