PDCD1 and neoplasm: Our results proved that co-delivering DTIC and EPA in DTIC/Epacasome-2 yielded a significantly stronger tumour inhibitory effect and better prevention of tumour metastasis over co-administrating DTIC/Lipo-SM/Chol + Epacasome-2; Our results also showed that the co-delivery further strengthened the activity of anti-PD-1 blockade therapy to shrink tumours to ~1/4 their starting size and exhaustively eradicated metastasis in 6 out of 6 mice (Fig. 6b–f).