TNF and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: The pathogenic immune response observed in patients with ADE include higher serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the soluble IL-2R receptor, soluble CD4, interferon-γ, (IFN-γ), interferon-α (IFN-α) (which remain elevated until convalescence), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and platelet activation factor (PAF) [66].