CD80 and neoplasm: Several studies have indicated that alterations in the gut microbiota can influence tumor growth and invasion.97 For instance, Beame et al. found that high doses of specific probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis, stimulated macrophage polarization toward M1 and resulted in a significant elevation in CD80 marker levels.108 Moreover, several clinical trials have reported a potential association between the gut microbiota and immunotherapy for TME, as shown in Table 2.